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<TITLE>Introduction to FreeS/WAN</TITLE>
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<A HREF="toc.html">Contents</A>
<A HREF="performance.html">Previous</A>
<A HREF="kernel.html">Next</A>
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<H1><A name="test.freeswan">Testing FreeS/WAN</A></H1>
This document discusses testing FreeS/WAN.
<P>Not all types of testing are described here. Other parts of the
documentation describe some tests:</P>
<DL>
<DT><A href="install.html#testinstall">installation</A> document</DT>
<DD>testing for a successful install</DD>
<DT><A href="config.html#testsetup">configuration</A> document</DT>
<DD>basic tests for a working configuration</DD>
<DT><A href="web.html#interop.web">web links</A> document</DT>
<DD>General information on tests for interoperability between various
IPsec implementations. This includes links to several test sites.</DD>
<DT><A href="interop.html">interoperation</A> document.</DT>
<DD>More specific information on FreeS/WAN interoperation with other
implementations.</DD>
<DT><A href="performance.html">performance</A> document</DT>
<DD>performance measurements</DD>
</DL>
<P>The test setups and procedures described here can also be used in
other testing, but this document focuses on testing the IPsec
functionality of FreeS/WAN.</P>
<H2><A NAME="test.oe">Testing opportunistic connections</A></H2>
<P>This section teaches you how to test your opportunistically encrypted
(OE) connections. To set up OE, please see the easy instructions in our<A
HREF="quickstart.html"> quickstart guide</A>.</P>
<H3><A NAME="12_1_1">Basic OE Test</A></H3>
<P>This test is for basic OE functionality.
<!-- You may use it on an
<A HREF="quickstart.html#oppo.client">initiate-only OE</A> box or a
<A HREF="quickstart.html#opp.incoming">full OE</A> box. -->
For additional tests, keep
reading.</P>
<P>Be sure IPsec is running. You can see whether it is with:</P>
<PRE> ipsec setup status</PRE>
<P>If need be, you can restart it with:</P>
<PRE> service ipsec restart</PRE>
<P>Load a FreeS/WAN test website from the host on which you're running
FreeS/WAN. Note: the feds may be watching these sites. Type one of:</P>
<P></P>
<PRE> links oetest.freeswan.org</PRE>
<PRE> links oetest.freeswan.nl</PRE>
<!--<PRE> links oetest.freeswan.ca</PRE>-->
<P>A positive result looks like this:</P>
<PRE>
You seem to be connecting from: 192.0.2.11 which DNS says is:
gateway.example.com
_________________________________________________________________
Status E-route
OE enabled 16 192.139.46.73/32 -&gt; 192.0.2.11/32 =&gt;
[email protected]
OE enabled 176 192.139.46.77/32 -&gt; 192.0.2.11/32 =&gt;
[email protected]
</PRE>
<P>If you see this, congratulations! Your OE box will now encrypt its
own traffic whenever it can. If you have difficulty, see our<A HREF="quickstart.html#oe.trouble">
OE troubleshooting tips</A>.</P>
<H3><A NAME="12_1_2">OE Gateway Test</A></H3>
<P>If you've set up FreeS/WAN to protect a subnet behind your gateway,
you'll need to run another simple test, which can be done from a
machine running any OS. That's right, your Windows box can be protected
by opportunistic encryption without any FreeS/WAN install or
configuration on that box. From<STRONG> each protected subnet node</STRONG>
, load the FreeS/WAN website with:</P>
<PRE> links oetest.freeswan.org</PRE>
<PRE> links oetest.freeswan.nl</PRE>
<P>A positive result looks like this:</P>
<PRE>
You seem to be connecting from: 192.0.2.98 which DNS says is:
box98.example.com
_________________________________________________________________
Status E-route
OE enabled 16 192.139.46.73/32 -&gt; 192.0.2.98/32 =&gt;
[email protected]
OE enabled 176 192.139.46.77/32 -&gt; 192.0.2.11/32 =&gt;
[email protected]
</PRE>
<P>If you see this, congratulations! Your OE gateway will now encrypt
traffic for this subnet node whenever it can. If you have difficulty,
see our<A HREF="quickstart.html#oe.trouble"> OE troubleshooting tips</A>
.</P>
<H3><A NAME="12_1_3">Additional OE tests</A></H3>
<P>When testing OE, you will often find it useful to execute this
command on the FreeS/WAN host:</P>
<PRE> ipsec eroute</PRE>
<P>If you have established a connection (either for or for a subnet
node) you will see a result like:</P>
<PRE> 192.0.2.11/32 -&gt; 192.139.46.73/32 =&gt; [email protected]
</PRE>
<P>Key:</P>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>1.</TD><TD>192.0.2.11/32</TD><TD>Local start point of the
protected traffic.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>2.</TD><TD>192.0.2.194/32</TD><TD>Remote end point of the
protected traffic.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>3.</TD><TD>192.0.48.38</TD><TD>Remote FreeS/WAN node (gateway or
host). May be the same as (2).</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>4.</TD><TD>[not shown]</TD><TD>Local FreeS/WAN node (gateway or
host), where you've produced the output. May be the same as (1).</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P>For extra assurance, you may wish to use a packet sniffer such as<A HREF="http://www.tcpdump.org">
tcpdump</A> to verify that packets are being encrypted. You should see
output that indicates<STRONG> ESP</STRONG> encrypted data, for example:</P>
<PRE> 02:17:47.353750 PPPoE [ses 0x1e12] IP 154: xy.example.com &gt; oetest.freeswan.org: ESP(spi=0x87150d16,seq=0x55)</PRE>
<H2><A name="test.uml">Testing with User Mode Linux</A></H2>
<P><A href="http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/">User Mode Linux</A>
allows you to run Linux as a user process on another Linux machine.</P>
<P>As of 1.92, the distribution has a new directory named testing. It
contains a collection of test scripts and sample configurations. Using
these, you can bring up several copies of Linux in user mode and have
them build tunnels to each other. This lets you do some testing of a
FreeS/WAN configuration on a single machine.</P>
<P>You need a moderately well-endowed machine for this to work well.
Each UML wants about 16 megs of memory by default, which is plenty for
FreeS/WAN usage. Typical regression testing only occasionally uses as
many as 4 UMLs. If one is doing nothing else with the machine (in
particular, not running X on it), then 128 megs and a 500MHz CPU are
fine.</P>
Documentation on these scripts is<A href="umltesting.html"> here</A>.
There is also documentation on automated testing<A href="makecheck.html">
here</A>.
<H2><A name="testnet">Configuration for a testbed network</A></H2>
<P>A common test setup is to put a machine with dual Ethernet cards in
between two gateways under test. You need at least five machines; two
gateways, two clients and a testing machine in the middle.</P>
<P>The central machine both routes packets and provides a place to run
diagnostic software for checking IPsec packets. See next section for
discussion of<A href="faq.html#tcpdump.faq"> using tcpdump(8)</A> for
this.</P>
<P>This makes things more complicated than if you just connected the two
gateway machines directly to each other, but it also makes your test
setup much more like the environment you actually use IPsec in. Those
environments nearly always involve routing, and quite a few apparent
IPsec failures turn out to be problems with routing or with firewalls
dropping packets. This approach lets you deal with those problems on
your test setup.</P>
<P>What you end up with looks like:</P>
<H3><A name="testbed">Testbed network</A></H3>
<PRE> subnet a.b.c.0/24
|
eth1 = a.b.c.1
gate1
eth0 = 192.168.p.1
|
|
eth0 = 192.168.p.2
route/monitor box
eth1 = 192.168.q.2
|
|
eth0 = 192.168.q.1
gate2
eth1 = x.y.z.1
|
subnet x.y.z.0/24</PRE>
<PRE>Where p and q are any convenient values that do not interfere with other
routes you may have. The ipsec.conf(5) file then has, among other things:</PRE>
<PRE>conn abc-xyz
left=192.168.p.1
leftnexthop=192.168.p.2
right=192.168.q.1
rightnexthop=192.168.q.2</PRE>
<P>Once that works, you can remove the &quot;route/monitor box&quot;, and connect
the two gateways to the Internet. The only parameters in ipsec.conf(5)
that need to change are the four shown above. You replace them with
values appropriate for your Internet connection, and change the eth0 IP
addresses and the default routes on both gateways.</P>
<P>Note that nothing on either subnet needs to change. This lets you
test most of your IPsec setup before connecting to the insecure
Internet.</P>
<H3><A name="tcpdump.test">Using packet sniffers in testing</A></H3>
<P>A number of tools are available for looking at packets. We will
discuss using<A href="http://www.tcpdump.org/"> tcpdump(8)</A>, a
common Linux tool included in most distributions. Alternatives
offerring more-or-less the same functionality include:</P>
<DL>
<DT><A href="http://www.ethereal.com">Ethereal</A></DT>
<DD>Several people on our mailing list report a preference for this over
tcpdump.</DD>
<DT><A href="http://netgroup-serv.polito.it/windump/">windump</A></DT>
<DD>a Windows version of tcpdump(8), possibly handy if you have Windows
boxes in your network</DD>
<DT><A href="http://reptile.rug.ac.be/~coder/sniffit/sniffit.html">
Sniffit</A></DT>
<DD>A linux sniffer that we don't know much about. If you use it, please
comment on our mailing list.</DD>
</DL>
<P>See also this<A href="http://www.tlsecurity.net/unix/ids/sniffer/">
index</A> of packet sniffers.</P>
<P>tcpdump(8) may misbehave if run on the gateways themselves. It is
designed to look into a normal IP stack and may become confused if you
ask it to display data from a stack which has IPsec in play.</P>
<P>At one point, the problem was quite severe. Recent versions of
tcpdump, however, understand IPsec well enough to be usable on a
gateway. You can get the latest version from<A href="http://www.tcpdump.org/">
tcpdump.org</A>.</P>
<P>Even with a recent tcpdump, some care is required. Here is part of a
post from Henry on the topic:</P>
<PRE>&gt; a) data from sunset to sunrise or the other way is not being
&gt; encrypted (I am using tcpdump (ver. 3.4) -x/ping -p to check
&gt; packages)
What *interface* is tcpdump being applied to? Use the -i option to
control this. It matters! If tcpdump is looking at the ipsecN
interfaces, e.g. ipsec0, then it is seeing the packets before they are
encrypted or after they are decrypted, so of course they don't look
encrypted. You want to have tcpdump looking at the actual hardware
interfaces, e.g. eth0.
Actually, the only way to be *sure* what you are sending on the wire is to
have a separate machine eavesdropping on the traffic. Nothing you can do
on the machines actually running IPsec is 100% guaranteed reliable in this
area (although tcpdump is a lot better now than it used to be).</PRE>
<P>The most certain way to examine IPsec packets is to look at them on
the wire. For security, you need to be certain, so we recommend doing
that. To do so, you need a<STRONG> separate sniffer machine located
between the two gateways</STRONG>. This machine can be routing IPsec
packets, but it must not be an IPsec gateway. Network configuration for
such testing is discussed<A href="#testnet"> above</A>.</P>
<P>Here's another mailing list message with advice on using tcpdump(8):</P>
<PRE>Subject: RE: [Users] Encrypted???
Date: Thu, 29 Nov 2001
From: &quot;Joe Patterson&quot; &lt;[email protected]&gt;
tcpdump -nl -i $EXT-IF proto 50
-nl tells it not to buffer output or resolve names (if you don't do that it
may confuse you by not outputing anything for a while), -i $EXT-IF (replace
with your external interface) tells it what interface to listen on, and
proto 50 is ESP. Use &quot;proto 51&quot; if for some odd reason you're using AH, and
&quot;udp port 500&quot; if you want to see the isakmp key exchange/tunnel setup
packets.
You can also run `tcpdump -nl -i ipsec0` to see what traffic is on that
virtual interface. Anything you see there *should* be either encrypted or
dropped (unless you've turned on some strange options in your ipsec.conf
file)
Another very handy thing is ethereal (http://www.ethereal.com/) which runs
on just about anything, has a nice gui interface (or a nice text-based
interface), and does a great job of protocol breakdown. For ESP and AH
it'll basically just tell you that there's a packet of that protocol, and
what the spi is, but for isakmp it'll actually show you a lot of the tunnel
setup information (until it gets to the point in the protocol where isakmp
is encrypted....)</PRE>
<H2><A name="verify.crypt">Verifying encryption</A></H2>
<P>The question of how to verify that messages are actually encrypted
has been extensively discussed on the mailing list. See this<A href="http://www.sandelman.ottawa.on.ca/linux-ipsec/html/2000/07/msg00262.html">
thread</A>.</P>
<P>If you just want to verify that packets are encrypted, look at them
with a packet sniffer (see<A href="#tcpdump.test"> previous section</A>
) located between the gateways. The packets should, except for some of
the header information, be utterly unintelligible.<STRONG> The output
of good encryption looks<EM> exactly</EM> like random noise</STRONG>.</P>
<P>A packet sniffer can only tell you that the data you looked at was
encrypted. If you have stronger requirements -- for example if your
security policy requires verification that plaintext is not leaked
during startup or under various anomolous conditions -- then you will
need to devise much more thorough tests. If you do that, please post
any results or methodological details which your security policy allows
you to make public.</P>
<P>You can put recognizable data into ping packets with something like:</P>
<PRE> ping -p feedfacedeadbeef 11.0.1.1</PRE>
<P>&quot;feedfacedeadbeef&quot; is a legal hexadecimal pattern that is easy to
pick out of hex dumps.</P>
<P>For other protocols, you may need to check if you have encrypted data
or ASCII text. Encrypted data has approximately equal frequencies for
all 256 possible characters. ASCII text has most characters in the
printable range 0x20-0x7f, a few control characters less than 0x20, and
none at all in the range 0x80-0xff. 0x20, space, is a good character to
look for. In normal English text space occurs about once in seven
characters, versus about once in 256 for random or encrypted data.</P>
<P>One thing to watch for: the output of good compression, like that of
good encryption, looks just like random noise. You cannot tell just by
looking at a data stream whether it has been compressed, encrypted, or
both. You need a little care not to mistake compressed data for
encrypted data in your testing.</P>
<P>Note also that weak encryption also produces random-looking output.
You cannot tell whether the encryption is strong by looking at the
output. To be sure of that, you would need to have both the algorithms
and the implementation examined by experts.</P>
<P>For IPsec, you can get partial assurance from interoperability tests.
See our<A href="interop.html"> interop</A> document. When twenty
products all claim to implement<A href="glossary.html#3DES"> 3DES</A>,
and they all talk to each other, you can be fairly sure they have it
right. Of course, you might wonder whether all the implementers are
consipring to trick you or, more plausibly, whether some
implementations might have &quot;back doors&quot; so they can get also it wrong
when required.. If you're seriously worried about things like that, you
need to get the code you use audited (good luck if it is not Open
Source), or perhaps to talk to a psychiatrist about treatments for
paranoia.</P>
<H2><A name="mail.test">Mailing list pointers</A></H2>
<P>Additional information on testing can be found in these<A href="mail.html">
mailing list</A> messages:</P>
<UL>
<LI>a user's detailed<A href="http://www.sandelman.ottawa.on.ca/linux-ipsec/html/2000/11/msg00571.html">
setup diary</A> for his testbed network</LI>
<LI>a FreeS/WAN team member's<A href="http://www.sandelman.ottawa.on.ca/linux-ipsec/html/2000/11/msg00425.html">
notes</A> from testing at an IPsec interop &quot;bakeoff&quot;</LI>
</UL>
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