Merge branch 'ikesa-force-destroy'

Adds new options to force the local destruction of an IKE_SA (after
trying to send a DELETE first).  This might be useful in situations where
it's known the other end is not reachable or already deleted the IKE_SA so
there is no point in retransmitting the DELETE and waiting for a response.
This commit is contained in:
Tobias Brunner
2018-05-22 10:13:59 +02:00
23 changed files with 108 additions and 59 deletions
+1 -1
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@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ static gboolean do_disconnect(gpointer plugin)
{ {
id = ike_sa->get_unique_id(ike_sa); id = ike_sa->get_unique_id(ike_sa);
enumerator->destroy(enumerator); enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, id, charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, id, FALSE,
controller_cb_empty, NULL, 0); controller_cb_empty, NULL, 0);
return FALSE; return FALSE;
} }
+2 -1
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@@ -209,7 +209,8 @@ static job_requeue_t close_ike(char *config)
if (id) if (id)
{ {
DBG1(DBG_CFG, "closing IKE_SA '%s'", config); DBG1(DBG_CFG, "closing IKE_SA '%s'", config);
charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, id, NULL, NULL, 0); charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, id, FALSE, NULL,
NULL, 0);
} }
else else
{ {
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ static void close_tun_device(private_android_service_t *this)
CALLBACK(terminate, job_requeue_t, CALLBACK(terminate, job_requeue_t,
uint32_t *id) uint32_t *id)
{ {
charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, *id, charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, *id, FALSE,
controller_cb_empty, NULL, 0); controller_cb_empty, NULL, 0);
return JOB_REQUEUE_NONE; return JOB_REQUEUE_NONE;
} }
+1 -1
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@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ static void stop_connection(private_xpc_channels_t *this, uint32_t ike_sa,
{ {
status_t status; status_t status;
status = charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, ike_sa, status = charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, ike_sa, FALSE,
NULL, NULL, 0); NULL, NULL, 0);
xpc_dictionary_set_bool(reply, "success", status != NOT_FOUND); xpc_dictionary_set_bool(reply, "success", status != NOT_FOUND);
} }
+27 -9
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@@ -117,10 +117,17 @@ struct interface_listener_t {
*/ */
spinlock_t *lock; spinlock_t *lock;
/** union {
* whether to check limits /**
*/ * whether to check limits during initiation
bool limits; */
bool limits;
/**
* whether to force termination
*/
bool force;
} options;
}; };
@@ -423,7 +430,7 @@ METHOD(job_t, initiate_execute, job_requeue_t,
} }
peer_cfg->destroy(peer_cfg); peer_cfg->destroy(peer_cfg);
if (listener->limits && ike_sa->get_state(ike_sa) == IKE_CREATED) if (listener->options.limits && ike_sa->get_state(ike_sa) == IKE_CREATED)
{ /* only check if we are not reusing an IKE_SA */ { /* only check if we are not reusing an IKE_SA */
u_int half_open, limit_half_open, limit_job_load; u_int half_open, limit_half_open, limit_job_load;
@@ -508,7 +515,7 @@ METHOD(controller_t, initiate, status_t,
.child_cfg = child_cfg, .child_cfg = child_cfg,
.peer_cfg = peer_cfg, .peer_cfg = peer_cfg,
.lock = spinlock_create(), .lock = spinlock_create(),
.limits = limits, .options.limits = limits,
}, },
.public = { .public = {
.execute = _initiate_execute, .execute = _initiate_execute,
@@ -557,8 +564,8 @@ METHOD(job_t, terminate_ike_execute, job_requeue_t,
listener->ike_sa = ike_sa; listener->ike_sa = ike_sa;
listener->lock->unlock(listener->lock); listener->lock->unlock(listener->lock);
if (ike_sa->delete(ike_sa) != DESTROY_ME) if (ike_sa->delete(ike_sa, listener->options.force) != DESTROY_ME)
{ /* delete failed */ { /* delete queued */
listener->status = FAILED; listener->status = FAILED;
charon->ike_sa_manager->checkin(charon->ike_sa_manager, ike_sa); charon->ike_sa_manager->checkin(charon->ike_sa_manager, ike_sa);
} }
@@ -575,7 +582,7 @@ METHOD(job_t, terminate_ike_execute, job_requeue_t,
} }
METHOD(controller_t, terminate_ike, status_t, METHOD(controller_t, terminate_ike, status_t,
controller_t *this, uint32_t unique_id, controller_t *this, uint32_t unique_id, bool force,
controller_cb_t callback, void *param, u_int timeout) controller_cb_t callback, void *param, u_int timeout)
{ {
interface_job_t *job; interface_job_t *job;
@@ -610,13 +617,24 @@ METHOD(controller_t, terminate_ike, status_t,
if (callback == NULL) if (callback == NULL)
{ {
job->listener.options.force = force;
terminate_ike_execute(job); terminate_ike_execute(job);
} }
else else
{ {
if (!timeout)
{
job->listener.options.force = force;
}
if (wait_for_listener(job, timeout)) if (wait_for_listener(job, timeout))
{ {
job->listener.status = OUT_OF_RES; job->listener.status = OUT_OF_RES;
if (force)
{ /* force termination once timeout is reached */
job->listener.options.force = TRUE;
terminate_ike_execute(job);
}
} }
} }
status = job->listener.status; status = job->listener.status;
+6 -1
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@@ -102,6 +102,11 @@ struct controller_t {
* until the IKE_SA is properly deleted, or the call timed out. * until the IKE_SA is properly deleted, or the call timed out.
* *
* @param unique_id unique id of the IKE_SA to terminate. * @param unique_id unique id of the IKE_SA to terminate.
* @param force whether to immediately destroy the IKE_SA without
* waiting for a response or retransmitting the delete,
* if a callback is provided and timeout is > 0 the
* IKE_SA is destroyed once the timeout is reached but
* retransmits are sent until then
* @param cb logging callback * @param cb logging callback
* @param param parameter to include in each call of cb * @param param parameter to include in each call of cb
* @param timeout timeout in ms to wait for callbacks, 0 to disable * @param timeout timeout in ms to wait for callbacks, 0 to disable
@@ -112,7 +117,7 @@ struct controller_t {
* - OUT_OF_RES if timed out * - OUT_OF_RES if timed out
*/ */
status_t (*terminate_ike)(controller_t *this, uint32_t unique_id, status_t (*terminate_ike)(controller_t *this, uint32_t unique_id,
controller_cb_t callback, void *param, bool force, controller_cb_t callback, void *param,
u_int timeout); u_int timeout);
/** /**
+1 -1
View File
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ static void request_control_terminate(xmlTextReaderPtr reader,
if (ike) if (ike)
{ {
status = charon->controller->terminate_ike( status = charon->controller->terminate_ike(
charon->controller, id, charon->controller, id, FALSE,
(controller_cb_t)xml_callback, writer, 0); (controller_cb_t)xml_callback, writer, 0);
} }
else else
@@ -316,7 +316,8 @@ static void charon_terminate(private_stroke_control_t *this, uint32_t id,
else else
{ {
status = charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, id, status = charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, id,
(controller_cb_t)stroke_log, &info, this->timeout); FALSE, (controller_cb_t)stroke_log, &info,
this->timeout);
} }
report_terminate_status(this, status, out, id, child); report_terminate_status(this, status, out, id, child);
} }
@@ -327,7 +328,7 @@ static void charon_terminate(private_stroke_control_t *this, uint32_t id,
} }
else else
{ {
charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, id, charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, id, FALSE,
NULL, NULL, 0); NULL, NULL, 0);
} }
} }
+1 -1
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@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ static void terminate(private_uci_control_t *this, char *name)
{ {
id = ike_sa->get_unique_id(ike_sa); id = ike_sa->get_unique_id(ike_sa);
enumerator->destroy(enumerator); enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, id, charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, id, FALSE,
controller_cb_empty, NULL, 0); controller_cb_empty, NULL, 0);
write_fifo(this, "connection '%s' terminated\n", name); write_fifo(this, "connection '%s' terminated\n", name);
return; return;
+3 -1
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@@ -279,7 +279,9 @@ Terminates an SA while streaming _control-log_ events.
ike = <terminate an IKE_SA by configuration name> ike = <terminate an IKE_SA by configuration name>
child-id = <terminate a CHILD_SA by its reqid> child-id = <terminate a CHILD_SA by its reqid>
ike-id = <terminate an IKE_SA by its unique id> ike-id = <terminate an IKE_SA by its unique id>
timeout = <timeout in ms before returning> force = <terminate IKE_SA without waiting for proper DELETE, if timeout
is given, waits for a response until it is reached>
timeout = <timeout in ms before returning, see below>
loglevel = <loglevel to issue "control-log" events for> loglevel = <loglevel to issue "control-log" events for>
} => { } => {
success = <yes or no> success = <yes or no>
+1 -1
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@@ -2083,7 +2083,7 @@ static void clear_start_action(private_vici_config_t *this, char *peer_name,
while (array_remove(ikeids, ARRAY_HEAD, &id)) while (array_remove(ikeids, ARRAY_HEAD, &id))
{ {
DBG1(DBG_CFG, "closing IKE_SA #%u", id); DBG1(DBG_CFG, "closing IKE_SA #%u", id);
charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, FALSE,
id, NULL, NULL, 0); id, NULL, NULL, 0);
} }
array_destroy(ikeids); array_destroy(ikeids);
+3 -1
View File
@@ -225,6 +225,7 @@ CALLBACK(terminate, vici_message_t*,
enumerator_t *enumerator, *isas, *csas; enumerator_t *enumerator, *isas, *csas;
char *child, *ike, *errmsg = NULL; char *child, *ike, *errmsg = NULL;
u_int child_id, ike_id, current, *del, done = 0; u_int child_id, ike_id, current, *del, done = 0;
bool force;
int timeout; int timeout;
ike_sa_t *ike_sa; ike_sa_t *ike_sa;
child_sa_t *child_sa; child_sa_t *child_sa;
@@ -240,6 +241,7 @@ CALLBACK(terminate, vici_message_t*,
ike = request->get_str(request, NULL, "ike"); ike = request->get_str(request, NULL, "ike");
child_id = request->get_int(request, 0, "child-id"); child_id = request->get_int(request, 0, "child-id");
ike_id = request->get_int(request, 0, "ike-id"); ike_id = request->get_int(request, 0, "ike-id");
force = request->get_bool(request, FALSE, "force");
timeout = request->get_int(request, 0, "timeout"); timeout = request->get_int(request, 0, "timeout");
log.level = request->get_int(request, 1, "loglevel"); log.level = request->get_int(request, 1, "loglevel");
@@ -326,7 +328,7 @@ CALLBACK(terminate, vici_message_t*,
} }
else else
{ {
if (charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, *del, if (charon->controller->terminate_ike(charon->controller, *del, force,
log_cb, &log, timeout) == SUCCESS) log_cb, &log, timeout) == SUCCESS)
{ {
done++; done++;
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ METHOD(job_t, execute, job_requeue_t,
} }
if (this->delete_if_established) if (this->delete_if_established)
{ {
if (ike_sa->delete(ike_sa) == DESTROY_ME) if (ike_sa->delete(ike_sa, FALSE) == DESTROY_ME)
{ {
charon->ike_sa_manager->checkin_and_destroy( charon->ike_sa_manager->checkin_and_destroy(
charon->ike_sa_manager, ike_sa); charon->ike_sa_manager, ike_sa);
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ METHOD(job_t, execute, job_requeue_t,
{ {
DBG1(DBG_JOB, "deleting IKE_SA after %d seconds " DBG1(DBG_JOB, "deleting IKE_SA after %d seconds "
"of CHILD_SA inactivity", this->timeout); "of CHILD_SA inactivity", this->timeout);
status = ike_sa->delete(ike_sa); status = ike_sa->delete(ike_sa, FALSE);
} }
else else
{ {
+28 -7
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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
/* /*
* Copyright (C) 2006-2017 Tobias Brunner * Copyright (C) 2006-2018 Tobias Brunner
* Copyright (C) 2006 Daniel Roethlisberger * Copyright (C) 2006 Daniel Roethlisberger
* Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Martin Willi * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Martin Willi
* Copyright (C) 2005 Jan Hutter * Copyright (C) 2005 Jan Hutter
@@ -1793,8 +1793,10 @@ METHOD(ike_sa_t, destroy_child_sa, status_t,
} }
METHOD(ike_sa_t, delete_, status_t, METHOD(ike_sa_t, delete_, status_t,
private_ike_sa_t *this) private_ike_sa_t *this, bool force)
{ {
status_t status = DESTROY_ME;
switch (this->state) switch (this->state)
{ {
case IKE_ESTABLISHED: case IKE_ESTABLISHED:
@@ -1806,19 +1808,38 @@ METHOD(ike_sa_t, delete_, status_t,
charon->bus->alert(charon->bus, ALERT_IKE_SA_EXPIRED); charon->bus->alert(charon->bus, ALERT_IKE_SA_EXPIRED);
} }
this->task_manager->queue_ike_delete(this->task_manager); this->task_manager->queue_ike_delete(this->task_manager);
return this->task_manager->initiate(this->task_manager); status = this->task_manager->initiate(this->task_manager);
break;
case IKE_CREATED: case IKE_CREATED:
DBG1(DBG_IKE, "deleting unestablished IKE_SA"); DBG1(DBG_IKE, "deleting unestablished IKE_SA");
break; break;
case IKE_PASSIVE: case IKE_PASSIVE:
break; break;
default: default:
DBG1(DBG_IKE, "destroying IKE_SA in state %N " DBG1(DBG_IKE, "destroying IKE_SA in state %N without notification",
"without notification", ike_sa_state_names, this->state); ike_sa_state_names, this->state);
charon->bus->ike_updown(charon->bus, &this->public, FALSE); force = TRUE;
break; break;
} }
return DESTROY_ME;
if (force)
{
status = DESTROY_ME;
if (this->version == IKEV2)
{ /* for IKEv1 we trigger this in the ISAKMP delete task */
switch (this->state)
{
case IKE_ESTABLISHED:
case IKE_REKEYING:
case IKE_DELETING:
charon->bus->ike_updown(charon->bus, &this->public, FALSE);
default:
break;
}
}
}
return status;
} }
METHOD(ike_sa_t, rekey, status_t, METHOD(ike_sa_t, rekey, status_t,
+9 -6
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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
/* /*
* Copyright (C) 2006-2017 Tobias Brunner * Copyright (C) 2006-2018 Tobias Brunner
* Copyright (C) 2006 Daniel Roethlisberger * Copyright (C) 2006 Daniel Roethlisberger
* Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Martin Willi * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Martin Willi
* Copyright (C) 2005 Jan Hutter * Copyright (C) 2005 Jan Hutter
@@ -776,15 +776,18 @@ struct ike_sa_t {
* *
* Sends a delete message to the remote peer and waits for * Sends a delete message to the remote peer and waits for
* its response. If the response comes in, or a timeout occurs, * its response. If the response comes in, or a timeout occurs,
* the IKE SA gets deleted. * the IKE SA gets destroyed, unless force is TRUE then the IKE_SA is
* destroyed immediately without waiting for a response.
* *
* @param force whether to immediately destroy the IKE_SA afterwards
* without waiting for a response
* @return * @return
* - SUCCESS if deletion is initialized * - SUCCESS if deletion is initialized
* - DESTROY_ME, if the IKE_SA is not in * - DESTROY_ME, if destroying is forced, or the IKE_SA
* an established state and can not be * is not in an established state and can not be
* deleted (but destroyed). * deleted (but destroyed)
*/ */
status_t (*delete) (ike_sa_t *this); status_t (*delete) (ike_sa_t *this, bool force);
/** /**
* Update IKE_SAs after network interfaces have changed. * Update IKE_SAs after network interfaces have changed.
+2 -15
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@@ -2021,7 +2021,7 @@ static status_t enforce_replace(private_ike_sa_manager_t *this,
} }
DBG1(DBG_IKE, "deleting duplicate IKE_SA for peer '%Y' due to " DBG1(DBG_IKE, "deleting duplicate IKE_SA for peer '%Y' due to "
"uniqueness policy", other); "uniqueness policy", other);
return duplicate->delete(duplicate); return duplicate->delete(duplicate, FALSE);
} }
METHOD(ike_sa_manager_t, check_uniqueness, bool, METHOD(ike_sa_manager_t, check_uniqueness, bool,
@@ -2266,20 +2266,7 @@ METHOD(ike_sa_manager_t, flush, void,
while (enumerator->enumerate(enumerator, &entry, &segment)) while (enumerator->enumerate(enumerator, &entry, &segment))
{ {
charon->bus->set_sa(charon->bus, entry->ike_sa); charon->bus->set_sa(charon->bus, entry->ike_sa);
if (entry->ike_sa->get_version(entry->ike_sa) == IKEV2) entry->ike_sa->delete(entry->ike_sa, TRUE);
{ /* as the delete never gets processed, fire down events */
switch (entry->ike_sa->get_state(entry->ike_sa))
{
case IKE_ESTABLISHED:
case IKE_REKEYING:
case IKE_DELETING:
charon->bus->ike_updown(charon->bus, entry->ike_sa, FALSE);
break;
default:
break;
}
}
entry->ike_sa->delete(entry->ike_sa);
} }
enumerator->destroy(enumerator); enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
+1 -1
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@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ METHOD(task_t, process_i, status_t,
/* IKE_SAs in state IKE_REKEYED are silently deleted, so we use /* IKE_SAs in state IKE_REKEYED are silently deleted, so we use
* IKE_REKEYING */ * IKE_REKEYING */
this->new_sa->set_state(this->new_sa, IKE_REKEYING); this->new_sa->set_state(this->new_sa, IKE_REKEYING);
if (this->new_sa->delete(this->new_sa) == DESTROY_ME) if (this->new_sa->delete(this->new_sa, FALSE) == DESTROY_ME)
{ {
this->new_sa->destroy(this->new_sa); this->new_sa->destroy(this->new_sa);
} }
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ START_TEST(test_collision_ike_delete)
} }
call_ikesa(a, delete_child_sa, PROTO_ESP, spi_a, FALSE); call_ikesa(a, delete_child_sa, PROTO_ESP, spi_a, FALSE);
assert_child_sa_state(a, spi_a, CHILD_DELETING); assert_child_sa_state(a, spi_a, CHILD_DELETING);
call_ikesa(b, delete); call_ikesa(b, delete, FALSE);
assert_ike_sa_state(b, IKE_DELETING); assert_ike_sa_state(b, IKE_DELETING);
/* RFC 7296, 2.25.2 does not explicitly state what the behavior SHOULD be if /* RFC 7296, 2.25.2 does not explicitly state what the behavior SHOULD be if
@@ -1906,7 +1906,7 @@ START_TEST(test_collision_ike_delete)
&a, &b, NULL); &a, &b, NULL);
} }
initiate_rekey(a, spi_a); initiate_rekey(a, spi_a);
call_ikesa(b, delete); call_ikesa(b, delete, FALSE);
assert_ike_sa_state(b, IKE_DELETING); assert_ike_sa_state(b, IKE_DELETING);
/* this should never get called as there is no successful rekeying on /* this should never get called as there is no successful rekeying on
+3 -3
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@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ START_TEST(test_regular)
} }
assert_hook_not_called(ike_updown); assert_hook_not_called(ike_updown);
assert_hook_not_called(child_updown); assert_hook_not_called(child_updown);
call_ikesa(a, delete); call_ikesa(a, delete, FALSE);
assert_ike_sa_state(a, IKE_DELETING); assert_ike_sa_state(a, IKE_DELETING);
assert_hook(); assert_hook();
assert_hook(); assert_hook();
@@ -81,9 +81,9 @@ START_TEST(test_collision)
assert_hook_not_called(ike_updown); assert_hook_not_called(ike_updown);
assert_hook_not_called(child_updown); assert_hook_not_called(child_updown);
call_ikesa(a, delete); call_ikesa(a, delete, FALSE);
assert_ike_sa_state(a, IKE_DELETING); assert_ike_sa_state(a, IKE_DELETING);
call_ikesa(b, delete); call_ikesa(b, delete, FALSE);
assert_ike_sa_state(b, IKE_DELETING); assert_ike_sa_state(b, IKE_DELETING);
assert_hook(); assert_hook();
assert_hook(); assert_hook();
+2 -2
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@@ -1319,7 +1319,7 @@ START_TEST(test_collision_delete)
assert_hook_not_called(ike_rekey); assert_hook_not_called(ike_rekey);
initiate_rekey(a); initiate_rekey(a);
call_ikesa(b, delete); call_ikesa(b, delete, FALSE);
assert_ike_sa_state(b, IKE_DELETING); assert_ike_sa_state(b, IKE_DELETING);
/* RFC 7296, 2.25.2: If a peer receives a request to rekey an IKE SA that /* RFC 7296, 2.25.2: If a peer receives a request to rekey an IKE SA that
@@ -1401,7 +1401,7 @@ START_TEST(test_collision_delete_drop_delete)
assert_hook_not_called(ike_rekey); assert_hook_not_called(ike_rekey);
initiate_rekey(a); initiate_rekey(a);
call_ikesa(b, delete); call_ikesa(b, delete, FALSE);
assert_ike_sa_state(b, IKE_DELETING); assert_ike_sa_state(b, IKE_DELETING);
/* RFC 7296, 2.25.2: If a peer receives a request to rekey an IKE SA that /* RFC 7296, 2.25.2: If a peer receives a request to rekey an IKE SA that
+9
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@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ static int terminate(vici_conn_t *conn)
command_format_options_t format = COMMAND_FORMAT_NONE; command_format_options_t format = COMMAND_FORMAT_NONE;
char *arg, *child = NULL, *ike = NULL; char *arg, *child = NULL, *ike = NULL;
int ret = 0, timeout = 0, level = 1, child_id = 0, ike_id = 0; int ret = 0, timeout = 0, level = 1, child_id = 0, ike_id = 0;
bool force = FALSE;
while (TRUE) while (TRUE)
{ {
@@ -55,6 +56,9 @@ static int terminate(vici_conn_t *conn)
case 'c': case 'c':
child = arg; child = arg;
continue; continue;
case 'f':
force = TRUE;
continue;
case 'i': case 'i':
ike = arg; ike = arg;
continue; continue;
@@ -101,6 +105,10 @@ static int terminate(vici_conn_t *conn)
{ {
vici_add_key_valuef(req, "ike-id", "%d", ike_id); vici_add_key_valuef(req, "ike-id", "%d", ike_id);
} }
if (force)
{
vici_add_key_valuef(req, "force", "yes");
}
if (timeout) if (timeout)
{ {
vici_add_key_valuef(req, "timeout", "%d", timeout * 1000); vici_add_key_valuef(req, "timeout", "%d", timeout * 1000);
@@ -150,6 +158,7 @@ static void __attribute__ ((constructor))reg()
{"ike", 'i', 1, "terminate by IKE_SA name"}, {"ike", 'i', 1, "terminate by IKE_SA name"},
{"child-id", 'C', 1, "terminate by CHILD_SA reqid"}, {"child-id", 'C', 1, "terminate by CHILD_SA reqid"},
{"ike-id", 'I', 1, "terminate by IKE_SA unique identifier"}, {"ike-id", 'I', 1, "terminate by IKE_SA unique identifier"},
{"force", 'f', 0, "terminate IKE_SA without waiting, unless timeout is set"},
{"timeout", 't', 1, "timeout in seconds before detaching"}, {"timeout", 't', 1, "timeout in seconds before detaching"},
{"raw", 'r', 0, "dump raw response message"}, {"raw", 'r', 0, "dump raw response message"},
{"pretty", 'P', 0, "dump raw response message in pretty print"}, {"pretty", 'P', 0, "dump raw response message in pretty print"},